Credit Reporting 101

Let's take on the fundamentals of the credit reporting system. From the big three credit bureaus, TransUnion, Equifax and Experian, to your rights under the Fair Credit Reporting Act, this article will help you navigate the credit report maze.

The credit reporting agencies - TransUnion, Equifax and Experian (formerly TRW) are the three national credit reporting agencies that keep records on consumers. The reporting agencies work with lenders, creditors, insurers and employers to update and distribute your information to the appropriate institutions. Here's an example of how the system works:

1. When you apply for a new credit card the creditor requests a copy of your financial history from the reporting agencies. This causes a "hard inquiry" to be recorded on your credit report.

2. The creditor uses your credit reports and scores along with income and debt information to determine what rates to offer.

3. You start to use the new credit card and the creditor reports your activities to the credit reporting agencies about every 30 days.

4. The credit reporting agencies update your credit report as they receive new information from creditors or lenders.

5. Your credit profile changes based on your financial activity. The next time you apply for a credit card or loan, the process repeats.

Your credit report - Your credit report is divided into six main sections: consumer information (address, birthday and employment), consumer statement, account histories, public records, inquiries and creditor contacts. When you open a new account, miss a payment or move, these sections are updated with new information. Old negative records will stay on your credit report for 7-10 years. Positive records can remain on your credit report longer. Not all creditors report to all three agencies and the agencies obtain their data independently so your reports from TransUnion, Equifax and Experian could be substantially different from each other. That's why it's important to check your three credit reports every 6-12 months to ensure that the information is accurate and up-to-date.

Correcting inaccuracies - Under the Fair Credit Reporting Act, consumers are protected from having inaccurate information on their credit reports. If you find an inaccurate record on your report, try contacting the creditor or lender associated with the mark first. These companies can usually correct the mistake and send an update to the credit reporting agencies. If you can't make progress this way, you can also dispute the inaccuracy directly with the credit reporting agencies.

Working the system - Managing your credit and maintaing a good credit history can lead to better rates on major purchases. We recommend that you check your credit reports every 6-12 months or at least 3 months before a major purchase in order to guard against damaging inaccuracies and identity theft. Routine check-ups along with paying your bills on time, keeping your credit card balances below 35% of their limits and correcting any negative inaccuracies will help you maintain a healthy credit profile.

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What version of FICO is being used to generate my score?

Remember when Microsoft's Windows '95 was getting all the press? Since then there have been a multitude of newer and better versions of the operating system, and right now Microsoft is promoting Windows 7. FICO is nothing more than a software algorithm that crawls through the data on your credit report; much the same way as Google will crawl through web sites looking for content. The purpose of the FICO software is to try and predict your chances of defaulting on future debt obligations within the next 2 to 3 years. So how many versions of FICO are out there?

At least three that we know of. Until recently, the mortgage industry was able to use a version written back in 1998. This was only available for the data contained in a Trans Union report, but nevertheless, there were instances when the 1998 version gave you a higher Trans Union FICO score, and those 5 to 10 points were sometimes the difference in getting a loan.

Most banks using FICO are using the version created in 2004, which is commonly referred to as FICO Classic. The Fair Isaac Company is aggressively promoting the newest version of FICO which has been dubbed FICO '08.

Credit and Debt Terms to Know

APR

The annual percentage rate, or APR, is the interest rate charged on the amount borrowed. It is the annual cost of borrowing money. APR makes it easier to compare different loans and credit cards, because you can easily see which loan/credit card would be cheaper. There are two different types of APRs. The nominal APR is the interest rate that's stated on a loan. The effective APR includes fees that have been added to your balance.

Balance Transfer

A balance transfer is the process of moving credit card debt from one credit card to another. Balance transfers are subject to a balance transfer fee that's a percentage (usually 3-6%) of the amount being transferred.

Billing Cycle

The billing cycle is the period of time between billings. It may start on the 1st day of the month and end on the 30th day. Or, it may go from the 15th of the month to the 15th of the next. Billing cycles are varying lengths, ranging from 25-45 days, depending on the credit card and issuer. During the billing cycle, purchases, credits, fees, and finance charges are posted to your account. At the end of the cycle you are billed for all charges and fees made during the billing cycle. Your credit card payment is 20-25 days after your billing cycle ends. The period of time is known as the grace period.

Credit Limit

A credit card limit is the maximum amount that can be borrowed on a credit card without a penalty. Exceeding your credit limit results in an "over the limit fee". Your credit card issuer might also raise your interest rate to the default rate if you go over your credit limit. The default rate is the highest rate charged by a creditor or lender, usually as a penalty for missing a payment or exceeding the credit limit. Exceeding your credit limit or even getting clost to it impacts your credit score. Your credit utilization measures the amount of your credit limit that's being used and counts 30% of your credit score. The higher your credit card balance, the lower your credit utilization and the more your credit score is hurt. It's best to keep your credit card balances within 10% to 30% of your credit limit.

Keith Dienstl is a member of the Financial Empowerment Network Team and Prime Financial Credit Services you can also visit Credit Repair Services for more information on Keith Dienstl.

Is Credit Repair Ethical?

Most Americans know that it is possible to have information changed on your credit report, but many are concerned about whether or not it is ethical.

This begs the question: If you were to start up a credit reporting agency, how would you go about it? After all, isn't that what Experian, Trans Union and Equifax have done?

Well what would you do? The process requires that you contact a variety of financial institutions, taxing authorities, collection agencies, etc. and then propose to pool that information into one record source that could be mutually accessed by all participating members. The credit agencies love to say, "don't shoot the messenger", but in fact, they have solicited, finagled, begged, pleaded and bought their way into the "messenger" position. This is the very reason why there are 3 main reporting agencies and not just one – competition for business!

Once you understand that, the Fair Credit Reporting Act makes a lot of sense. You see, since 1971, and with numerous amendments and subsequent Acts passed by Congress, the issue at stake is not their capacity to report, but rather, the privacy of US citizens.

Trust me; these agencies would report your age, sex, religion, bank account balances, health records, blood pressure, driving record, and your grades from elementary school if they thought they could get away with it. The core purpose of the FCRA and other Acts like the Fair and Accurate Credit Transactions Act is to place the burden of proof upon the credit agencies, and NOT the consumer.

It is as if the credit agencies are writing a book on every financial relationship you've had since age 18, and they offer, on the cheap, to sell that book to anyone who wants to join the book club. When a consumer attempts to challenge the information contained on their report, they are merely calling for a "fact check" with the publisher. The FCRA requires that information contained on a consumer report be 100% accurate, complete, and verifiable.

Back to the ethics question. Let's say I own a million-dollar home with a million-dollar mortgage balance. I've never been late. Is it really EVERYBODY'S business to know how much I owe, when the debt was taken out, whom is obligated on the debt, the current balance, which bank, the payment amount – and ALL of that in addition to the payment history? Wouldn't it be sufficient to state "George pays his mortgage on time?" A person inclined to privacy might want to have that information deleted, even IF they pay on time. The fact that someone chooses to challenge the negative information is merely an expression of their right to privacy. Let's hope we never get too cavalier about that.

I am a member of the Financial Empowerment Network Team and Prime Financial Credit Services

Your Credit Score Is Yours to Control

Are you confused by credit, and how to create a better credit score? Don't feel bad, many consumers and business people find it hard to understand why their credit score is low. They pay their bills. And when they are a little late on a payment, they pay extra fees to the Lenders to make up for that. The Lenders enjoy great profits, and yet, the Borrower gets penalized more. Is it fair? I say NO! Enough! It's time for us to take control of our credit scores, and get them to reflect accurately, what kind of people we really are. In fact, the United States government agrees. Toady, there are laws to protect us, and allow us to take back control of our credit histories and credit scores.

Use these laws to make sure you aren't forced to pay more for auto loans, credit cards, mortgages, insurance and utilities. Besides costing you more money in monthly bills, we've been hearing more about people who get job offers that are later taken back, because of a "bad" credit score, a result of having been out of work for a year or longer. They didn't use credit to support a luxurious lifestyle. Ironically, they are penalized by taking away the very thing that they need to get back on their feet and to get back to paying their bills. Is it just me, or does it seem ridiculous to you as well? Credit reporting agencies, and Lenders, seem to believe that it's their right to penalize consumers to any level that they choose. The US government says it isn't their right. It is their right to report late payments and defaults on payment agreements, to the extent that they report it accurately. Is the information on your credit report accurate?

Frits Tessers is a member of the Financial Empowerment Network Team and Prime Financial Credit Services
you can also visit Personal Coaching for more information on Frits Tessers.